Thermodynamics

The study of heat production and transmission, of the transformation of thermal energy into mechanical energy and vice versa, and the verification of the laws and principles governing thermodynamics are of paramount importance in the training of future technicians. For quick and effective learning, it is essential to integrate the study \of theory with direct experimentation. This is possible thanks to a wide range of educational units such as:

Principles of Thermodynamics
Heat Transfer
Endothermic Engines
Heat Machines
Domestic Heating

The study units are made of industrial components and can be equipped with a data acquisition system for Personal Computers based on electronic transducers, A/D conversion boards and software for Windows. The software allows analysing the acquired data, to determine the typical parameters and to display on screen, or pr/nt out, the characteristic curves. All the devices are self-sufficient, and include all the In-struments required for the execution of the tests.

T121D Study Unit on Nozzle Characteristics

It allows assessing the effects of compressed air jets through different kinds of nozzles. Two different configurations let you measure the velocity of the air jet and the thrust generated by the latter.

T133D Mechanical Equivalent of Calorie Apparatus

This is used to determine experimentally the value of a calorie in Joules. A rotating calorimeter driven by a variable speed DC motor is included.

T135D Marcet Boiler

This is used to determine the correspondence between the values of pressure and temperature for moisture saturated steam at different pressures.

T136D Junkers Boys Calorimeter

For an accurate determination of the calorific value of all the gaseous fuels used in the industry. It comes with a full set of interchangeable nozzles.

T151D Mahler Bomb Calorimeter ASTD240

It allows quantifying the heat generated by the combustion of different substances according to standard ASTM D240. It is applicable to a variety of substances and, in particular, to liquid hydrocarbon fuels of both low and high volatility.

T151D Flash Point Pensky Marten Apparatus

It allows determining the flash point of different substances, through the “closed vessel” system, according to ASTM standards. It can be applied to fuel oils, lubricant oils, solids in suspension, sundry liquids.

T103D Thermal Conductivity Apparatus

Suitable for the determination of the thermal conductivity of good heat transmitters. A data acquisition system with software for Windows is available.

T104D Heat Transfer from Solid to Liquid Apparatus

Suitable for experiments concerning heat transfer from solid to liquid, in convection and boiling conditions. The testing room is transparent, enabling the students to observe the effects of temperature variations in the solid.

T123D Cooling Towers Study Units

Suitable to perform experiments on water cooling processes by means of three different interchangeable cooling towers, with different heat exchange surfaces. A data acquisition system with software for Windows is available.

T60D Heat Exchange Study Unit

This unit has been designed for the study of different types of air-water (radiator type), water-water (tube nest, concentric tube, plate type) and water-steam (tube nest type) heat exchangers. Water-water heat exchangers can work in either cum-current or counter-current conditions. A data acquisition system with software for Windows is available. Optional:

• S4 water/steam exchanger
• S5 liquid/liquid exchanger
• T71D electric boiler for steam production 20 kg/h

T147D Concentric Tube Water/Water Heat Exchanger Study Unit

It is suitable for the study of a concentric tube water-water heat exchanger, working in cum-current or counter-current conditions. A data acquisition system with software for Windows is available.

T157D Air Water Heat Exchanger Study Unit

This study unit has been designed to illustrate the operations of an air-water automotive type cooler. A data acquisition system with software for Windows is available.

T134D Air-Water heat Transfer Apparatus

It allows performing experiments in the field of fluid dynamics and to test and compare the transfer of heat between air and wall and between air and water.

T85D Internal Combustion Engine Test Bench

This unit allows performing tests on the main types of internal combustion engine: 2-stroke and 4-stroke, Diesel and Wankel, water and air cooled. It is possible to mount two engines and have two different groups of students test them out at the same time. A DC dynamometric unit with manual or electric starting allows simulating the load on the engine.

Optional for T85 and T113D

• 4-Stroke Petrol Engine (Air Cooled)
• 4-Stroke Diesel Engine (Air Cooled)
• 4-Stroke Diesel Engine (water Cooled)
• Auxiliary Cooling Unit
• Exhaust Gas Calorimeter
• Exhaust Gas Temperature Measuring Unit
  Lean/Rich, Mixture Device for Petrol Engines

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